Colorado patients from Denver to Colorado Springs, Aurora to Fort Collins benefit from comprehensive medical billing protections. The Centennial State combines robust state legislation with federal law to create powerful patient safeguards.

Colorado residents facing unexpected medical bills have powerful legal recourse that many don't realize exists. Between federal law and Colorado-specific statutes, People across the Centennial State have some of the most tools and protections to fight surprise bills and other unfair billing practices.

Understanding these protections can save you thousands of dollars and prevent medical bills from threatening your financial stability. Here's what every Colorado patient needs to know about medical billing protections and how to use them effectively.

What Is Surprise Billing?

Surprise Billing occurs when a provider seeks payment from a patient for services or charges they did not reasonably know about prior to receiving the services.  Types of Surprise Bills include:

Balance Billing:  The provider bills an insured patient above the coinsurance and deductible amounts owed under the insurance benefits.

Non-Par @ Par Facility: A non-participating provider renders services while an insured patient is at a participating hospital or facility, and bills the patient above the coinsurance and deductible amounts the patient would have owed under in-network insurance benefits.

Non-Par Emergency:  A non-participating provider renders services to treat an emergency medical condition or during an emergency department visit, and bills an insured patient above the coinsurance and deductible amounts the patient would have owed under in-network insurance benefits.

Participating Provider:  A participating provider bills an insured patient above the coinsurance and deductible amounts owed under in-network insurance benefits.

Uninsured & No Estimate:  A provider bills an uninsured or self-pay patient for services and charges about which it did inform the patient in advance via a good faith estimate.

Federal Protections: The No Surprises Act

Since January 1, 2022, the federal No Surprises Act has provided protections against surprise billing in specific scenarios for patients across the United States, including those in Colorado. There are protections for insured and uninsured/self-pay patients.

No Surprises Act Protections for Insured Patients - Emergency Services Protection

If you receive emergency care at a hospital or freestanding emergency center - whether participating or non-participating - providers may not bill you beyond the in-network cost-sharing amount (copay, coinsurance, or deductible) determined by your insurance plan.

This applies to:

• Hospitals and Freestanding Emergency Room facilities
• Physicians and professionals, including emergency medicine physicians 
• Ancillary providers (laboratories, imaging centers, etc.)

The hospital or provider cannot balance bill you more than what your insurance deductible, coinsurance, and copayment amounts would be under in-network benefits

Out-of-Network Providers at In-Network Facilities

If you receive care at a participating hospital or facility, a non-participating provider (including anesthesiologists, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons) may not bill you beyond the in-network cost-sharing amount (copay, coinsurance, or deductible) determined by your insurance plan, except if:

1. The non-participating provider informed you in advance that it is non-participating;
2. The non-participating provider issues to you a written estimate of what it will bill you; and
3. You provide written consent to the services and estimate at least 72 hours before the service.

Without all three elements, the non-participating provider may not balance bill you beyond your in-network insurance cost sharing amount.

Air Ambulance Protection

The No Surprises Act also protects against balance billing for air ambulance services (helicopter or airplane). Air ambulance services may only bill you for the in-network cost-sharing responsibility determined by your insurance plan, even if the air ambulance service is non-participating.

No Surprises Act Protections for Uninsured and Self-Pay Patients

Providers must give patients a Good Faith Estimate (GFE) of services and prices in clear and understandable language.  Patients do not have to request a Good Faith Estimate.  Providers must issue GFEs within the following timelines.

Advance Scheduling of Services GFE Deadline

Advance Scheduling of Services

>=10 days

3 days after scheduling

3-9 days

GFE Deadline

1 day after scheduling

Patient Request

3 days after request

A Good Faith Estimate must include the following:

• Patient name and identifying information
• The primary service or procedure
• An itemized list of all services and supplies
• Service codes, diagnosis codes and prices to be billed
• Names and identifying information of all providers that will bill for services
• A disclaimer that there may be additional items or services as part of the course of care that must be scheduled or requested separately and are not reflected in the Good Faith Estimate
• A disclaimer that the information in the GFE is only an estimate regarding items or services reasonably expected to be furnished at the time the GFE is issued, and that actual items, services, or charges may differ from the GFE
• A disclaimer that the GFE is not a contract and does not require the patient to obtain the items or services from any of the providers or facilities identified in the GFE

Colorado-Specific Balance Billing Protections

Price Transparency Requirements (C.R.S. § 25.5-1-901-904 : Federal regulations require hospitals to provide clear, accessible pricing information online about the items and services they provide.  Colorado prohibits a hospital from pursuing collection against a patient or patient guarantor for debt incurred by the patient on the date or dates of service when the hospital was not in material compliance with federal hospital price transparency laws.  Violation of price transparency laws is a deceptive trade practice under Colorado law.

If a judge or jury finds a hospital out of material compliance with federal hospital price transparency laws, the hospital is subject to a penalty equal to the amount of the debt, must refund any amount paid on the debt, dismiss any court action initiated by the hospital, and pay attorney fees and costs the patient or patient guarantor incurred relating to the action. 

Ground Ambulance Balance Billing (C.R.S. § 702-4-2-66-5): Private ground ambulances (non-government or fire department) may not bill an insured patient beyond the patient’s in-network payment responsibilities.

Medical Debt Credit Reporting Limits (C.R.S. § 5-16-107):  Medical debt may not be reported to credit agencies, nor considered in a consumer’s credit score.

Facility Fees (C.R.S. § 6-20-102):  Providers may not bill or collect a facility fee to a patient for a preventive service if the service is not covered by the patient’s insurance benefits. 

Providers that charge a facility fee must:

1. Give notice to the patient at the times of scheduling and service that facility fee may be charged and the amount of such fee.

2. Post a sign at its location(s) stating that a facility fee may be charged.

3. Itemize on bills specific charges for facility fees, and include information on how to contest such fees.

4. Give 30 days advance notice to established patients if it will begin charging a facility fee.

How Patient Fairness Helps Colorado Patients

Medical billing protections for Coloradans can be powerful - but only if you know how to use them. Patient Fairness specializes in helping Colorado patients by:

Identifying All Applicable Protections

We analyze your Colorado bill against:

• Federal No Surprises Act protections
• Colorado's ground ambulance balance billing protection prohibition
• Colorado hospital charity care requirements
• Federal and Colorado hospital price transparency requirements
• Basic principles of billing fairness and reasonableness
• Scores of other criteria

Many bills contain several different issues, creating multiple grounds for dispute.

Comparing Charges to Fair Benchmarks

We compare the medical bill’s charges to:

• Medicare rates for the same services
• A hospital’s, estimated cost and profit under its bill

Creating Professional Dispute Letters

We draft customized letters that:

• Cite specific and detailed issues and concerns for the dispute, including Colorado statutes and federal law, when applicable
• Inform the provider that you do not intend to pay the bill until the provider reasonably addresses to your satisfaction your concerns under the dispute
• Demand corrections
• Create thorough documentation of your dispute and related communications with the provider

Guiding You Through the Dispute Process

Patient Fairness uses a structured and guided program that customers can easily follow, from assessing the bill and issuing the Letter of Dispute, to pricing analysis and settlement agreements.

Starting at just $49, Colorado residents get professional tools and expertise applied to their specific situation - at a fraction of what billing advocates and other services charge.

Common Provider Responses and How to Counter Them

Providers often use standard responses when patients challenge balance bills. Here's how to respond:

"You signed a consent form agreeing to pay all charges"

Response: Billing protections under the No Surprises Act cannot be nullified in most situations, even with a patient’s written consent. 

These physician specialties may never have their patients waive No Surprises Act protections: assistant surgeons, hospitalists, and intensivists.  These physician specialties and provider types may not have their patients waive No Surprises Act protections related to emergency services: emergency medicine, anesthesiology, pathology, radiology, neonatology, and diagnostic services.

In some cases, a non-participating provider may require a patient to confirm that the patient is electing to see a non-participating provider, is agreeing to pay the non-participating provider more than the cost-sharing responsibility determined by the insurance plan, and is waiving surprise billing protections.  In these cases, the waiver of billing protections is only valid if the patient signs it in advance of services, and it includes:

• An estimate of what the patient will pay.
• Information about protections from surprise medical bills.
• The option to give up those protections and pay more for out-of-network care.
• For post-stabilization care: A list of in-network providers at the facility that can provide needed items or services.

"We're out-of-network, so we can charge whatever we want"

Response: Not participating in an insurance network doesn't mean providers can disregard your rights as a consumer and patient. Federal and Colorado law restrict out-of-network balance billing in numerous scenarios. Cite the specific law that applies to your situation.

Real Sample Results for Colorado Patients

Colorado patients who understand and use their balance billing protections can achieve significant savings:

Denver emergency room case: A patient received emergency treatment at a participating in-network Denver hospital from a non-participating emergency physician, radiologist, and laboratory. Combined balance bills totaled $14,200. After citing the No Surprises Act, all charges were reduced to the patient's in-network deductible of $1,500 - a savings of $12,700.

Colorado Springs surgery case: A patient underwent outpatient knee surgery at an in-network facility. An out-of-network anesthesiologist billed $6,800 beyond insurance payments. After the patient disputed the bill and cited the No Surprises Act, the anesthesiologist reduced the bill to $175, the coinsurance amount applicable under in-network insurance benefits.

These outcomes can happen because the patient disputes the bill based on established consumer protections and other rational arguments. 

Don't Pay More Than Colorado Law Requires

Colorado patients face aggressive medical billing, but state and federal law provides powerful protections. Coloradans have multiple tools to fight unfair medical bills.  The key is knowing your rights and acting quickly. 

Dispute your problem medical bill with Patient Fairness today. 

We'll analyze your bill against federal and Colorado patient and consumer protections, identify potential violations and other reasons to dispute the bill, and provide simple processes and professional tools to dispute the bill effectively.

For Colorado patients, understanding balance billing protections isn't optional - it's essential to avoiding thousands of dollars in charges you don't legally owe.

Patient Fairness specializes in helping Colorado patients to challenge unfair medical bills. Our flat-fee service, starting at just $49, provides professional dispute tools at a price every patient can afford.